{"id":4459,"date":"2017-11-17T15:35:06","date_gmt":"2017-11-17T15:35:06","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/blogs.lshtm.ac.uk\/library\/?p=4459"},"modified":"2017-11-17T15:35:06","modified_gmt":"2017-11-17T15:35:06","slug":"litsearchingforsrs3","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blogs.lshtm.ac.uk\/library\/2017\/11\/17\/litsearchingforsrs3\/","title":{"rendered":"Constructing a literature search for a systematic review: part 3, putting your search terms together and testing their efficiency"},"content":{"rendered":"

This is the third in a series of posts looking at how to put together a literature search for a systematic review.\u00a0Part 1<\/a>\u00a0looked at the preparation required before you start putting the search together and gives some background to the project and part 2<\/a> looked at how to put together a list of search terms. As it’s been a few weeks since those were published, you might want to have a little look to remind yourself of the project. This part looks at how to string your terms together and test their impact on the results you retrieve.<\/p>\n

I am not going to go step-by-step through each concept, as I did in part 2, instead I will describe some of the techniques I use.<\/p>\n

Why test your terms?<\/h2>\n

If you test your terms and try to figure out the contribution they make to the overall search, you can get some idea of how relevant the terms are to the overall search. This also gives you an idea of whether a particular term is ambiguous, ie it is used in more than one context so is likely to return irrelevant results. The purpose is not to give a definitive view of the number of unique references each term contributes to the total number of retrieved results, but to make sure the search is both comprehensive and efficient. Testing your terms allows you to create a search which is as specific and yet sensitive as required.<\/p>\n

How I test my terms<\/h2>\n

Testing individual terms<\/h3>\n

This is a technique I have refined over the years. I’d be really interested to hear from anyone else who has any other tips and tricks for how to do this.<\/p>\n

I start with a list of terms. For example:<\/p>\n

Gender inequality\/inequity\/equality
\nGender based inequality
\nGender discrimination
\nGender-related reasons
\nGender relations*
\nWomen adj? social status
\nGender* power
\nGender norms
\nGender roles
\nGender-related risk
\nGender issues
\nRelationship dependency
\nPositive action?
\nGender disparity\/disparities
\nGender sensitive\/sensitivity
\nSocial construction of gender
\nGender-centred
\nGender bias
\nGender awareness
\nGender differences
\nGender imbalance<\/p>\n

I noticed that lots of these phrases had the word ‘gender’ in them. I\u00a0decided to test whether entering only ‘gender’ would result in the return of a large number of irrelevant articles. The advantage of this would be that I wouldn’t have to include all of phrases which might be in the literature (as listed above) and it would save me time as I would not have to try to put together a comprehensive list of phrases. Entering ‘gender*.ti,ab.’ into Ovid Medline gives me 251,970 results, which is way too many to look at to see how the word contributes to my specific search. Therefore I combined it with the MeSH terms for the other concepts. So I constructed this quick search:<\/p>\n

    \n
  1. child\/ or adolescent\/ or young adult\/<\/li>\n
  2. exp “Africa South of the Sahara”\/<\/li>\n
  3. exp HIV Infections\/ or exp HIV\/<\/li>\n
  4. gender*.ti,ab.<\/li>\n
  5. and\/1-4<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

    I had a look at the first 50 results this retrieved to see how relevant they were. They were not all relevant, but most of them were. Therefore, I decided to use the more general term.<\/p>\n

    I did this level of analysis for the other words and phrases I had put together in part 2.<\/p>\n

    Determining proximity<\/h3>\n

    Often, using a general term to capture a large number of phrases is not viable and in these cases proximity searching is a useful tool. This allows us to search for words which appear close to each other in the text, but not necessarily next to each other. Most databases which offer this feature allow you to specify the maximum number of words which might occur between your required terms. So some testing is necessary to determine the most efficient proximity to use.<\/p>\n

    To do this, I run a series of searches, increasing the size of the proximity operator each time, then using the Boolean operator NOT to view the references retrieved only by the change.<\/p>\n

    As an example, I put together the following search:<\/p>\n

      \n
    1. child\/ or adolescent\/ or young adult\/<\/li>\n
    2. exp “Africa South of the Sahara”\/<\/li>\n
    3. exp HIV Infections\/ or exp HIV\/<\/li>\n
    4. ((financial or cash or pay* or monetary or money or economic or financial) adj1<\/span> (transfer* or measure* or
      \nincentive* or allowance* or exclu* or reform* or gain* or credit or credits or benefit or benefits or support)).ti,ab.<\/li>\n
    5. ((financial or cash or pay* or monetary or money or economic or financial) adj2<\/span> (transfer* or measure* or
      \nincentive* or allowance* or exclu* or reform* or gain* or credit or credits or benefit or benefits or support)).ti,ab.<\/li>\n
    6. ((financial or cash or pay* or monetary or money or economic or financial) adj3<\/span> (transfer* or measure* or
      \nincentive* or allowance* or exclu* or reform* or gain* or credit or credits or benefit or benefits or support)).ti,ab.<\/li>\n
    7. ((financial or cash or pay* or monetary or money or economic or financial) adj4<\/span> (transfer* or measure* or
      \nincentive* or allowance* or exclu* or reform* or gain* or credit or credits or benefit or benefits or support)).ti,ab.<\/li>\n
    8. ((financial or cash or pay* or monetary or money or economic or financial) adj5<\/span> (transfer* or measure* or
      \nincentive* or allowance* or exclu* or reform* or gain* or credit or credits or benefit or benefits or support)).ti,ab.<\/li>\n
    9. ((financial or cash or pay* or monetary or money or economic or financial) adj6<\/span> (transfer* or measure* or
      \nincentive* or allowance* or exclu* or reform* or gain* or credit or credits or benefit or benefits or support)).ti,ab.<\/li>\n
    10. and\/1-4<\/li>\n
    11. and\/1-3,5<\/li>\n
    12. and\/1-3,6<\/li>\n
    13. and\/1-3,7<\/li>\n
    14. and\/1-3,8<\/li>\n
    15. and\/1-3,9<\/li>\n
    16. 11 not 10<\/li>\n
    17. 12 not 11<\/li>\n
    18. 13 not 12<\/li>\n
    19. 14 not 13<\/li>\n
    20. 15 not 14<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

      By examining the results on search lines 16 to 20 I can decide which is the most effective proximity search value to use.<\/p>\n

      My completed first draft search<\/h2>\n

      Below is the first draft of the search I put together in Ovid Medline.<\/p>\n

      1 (structur* adj1 (driver* or intervention*)).ti,ab. (913)
      \n2 Sex Workers\/ (1515)
      \n3 Sex Work\/ (5847)
      \n4 sex* work*.ti,ab. (4848)
      \n5 prostitut*.ti,ab. (3584)
      \n6 sex* industr*.ti,ab. (247)
      \n7 escort*.ti,ab. (1074)
      \n8 (sex* adj3 (buy* or commerc*)).ti,ab. (1882)
      \n9 brothel*.ti,ab. (398)
      \n10 (sex* adj5 (mone* or gift* or transaction* or exchange)).ti,ab. (1485)
      \n11 (relations* adj5 transaction*).ti,ab. (155)
      \n12 or\/2-11 (12671)
      \n13 exp Alcohol Drinking\/ (63011)
      \n14 ((alcohol* or beer or wine or lager or spirit* or drink) adj3 (consum* or unit* or purchas* or use* or intake or
      \nbinge)).ti,ab. (81770)
      \n15 drink* rate*.ti,ab. (306)
      \n16 drunk*.ti,ab. (3815)
      \n17 or\/13-16 (113052)
      \n18 exp Intimate Partner Violence\/ (8183)
      \n19 Domestic Violence\/ (5905)
      \n20 Rape\/ (6315)
      \n21 Battered Women\/ (2610)
      \n22 Stalking\/ (161)
      \n23 intimate partner violence.ti,ab. (4361)
      \n24 ipv.ti,ab. (3876)
      \n25 rape*.ti,ab. (9076)
      \n26 (sex* adj3 (aggress* or assault* or attack* or violen* or victimi#ation or revictimi#ation or
      \nre-victimi#ation)).ti,ab. (9650)
      \n27 (batter* adj3 wom#n).ti,ab. (752)
      \n28 ((gender or peer) adj3 violence).ti,ab. (1025)
      \n29 ((date or dating) adj3 (abuse* or abusive or aggress* or assault* or attack or coerc* or injur* or manipulat* or
      \nrape* or violen*)).ti,ab. (1696)
      \n30 ((relationship* or partner* or acquaintance* or non-stranger* or nonstranger*) adj3 (abuse* or abusive or
      \naggress* or assault* or attack or coerc* or injur* or manipulat* or rape* or violen*)).ti,ab. (11220)
      \n31 ((spous* or husband* or wife* or co-habit* or married or marriage or bride or groom) adj3 (abuse* or abusive or
      \naggress* or assault* or attack or coerc* or injur* or manipulat* or rape* or violen*)).ti,ab. (1308)
      \n32 ((boyfriend* or boy-friend* or girlfriend* or girl-friend*) adj3 (abuse* or abusive or aggress* or assault* or
      \nattack or coerc* or injur* or manipulat* or rape* or violen*)).ti,ab. (36)
      \n33 stalking.ti,ab. (524)
      \n34 stalker*.ti,ab. (199)
      \n35 or\/18-34 (39928)
      \n36 Sex Factors\/ (248909)
      \n37 exp Gender Identity\/ (18542)
      \n38 Women’s Rights\/ (8427)
      \n39 Feminism\/ (1989)
      \n40 Social Justice\/ (11555)
      \n41 gender*.ti,ab. (237823)
      \n42 ((man or men or wom#n or sex or femini* or masculin* or relations*) adj3 role*).ti,ab. (11098)
      \n43 or\/36-42 (471511)
      \n44 exp Poverty\/ (38446)
      \n45 socioeconomic factors\/ (141289)
      \n46 medical indigency\/ (3578)
      \n47 unemployment\/ (6339)
      \n48 employment\/ (43143)
      \n49 maternal welfare\/ (6808)
      \n50 public policy\/ (30498)
      \n51 social welfare\/ (9147)
      \n52 social security\/ (7422)
      \n53 (economic* adj2 (empower* or factor* or barrier* or freedom)).ti,ab. (5680)
      \n54 economic abuse.ti,ab. (31)
      \n55 (access adj3 money).ti,ab. (53)
      \n56 remittance*.ti,ab. (436)
      \n57 voucher*.ti,ab. (1335)
      \n58 food stamp*.ti,ab. (316)
      \n59 reimburse*.ti,ab. (20431)
      \n60 ((prepayment or pre-payment) adj2 (plan* or scheme*)).ti,ab. (140)
      \n61 ((demand-side or results-based) adj2 financing).ti,ab. (43)
      \n62 output-based aid.ti,ab. (9)
      \n63 ((financial or cash or pay* or monetary or money or economic or financial) adj3 (transfer* or measure* or
      \nincentive* or allowance* or exclu* or reform* or gain* or credit or credits or benefit or benefits or support)).ti,ab.
      \n(22985)
      \n64 livelihood support.ti,ab. (18)
      \n65 ((social or health or community) adj2 (insurance or security or welfare)).ti,ab. (45424)
      \n66 ((child or family or maternity) adj2 (benefit* or allowance)).ti,ab. (967)
      \n67 poverty.ti,ab. (17985)
      \n68 low-income.ti,ab. (23634)
      \n69 wealth.ti,ab. (12761)
      \n70 employment.ti,ab. (42827)
      \n71 unemployment.ti,ab. (8065)
      \n72 employed.ti,ab. (239028)
      \n73 unemployed.ti,ab. (6445)
      \n74 (asset* adj3 ownership).mp. [mp=title, abstract, original title, name of substance word, subject heading word,
      \nkeyword heading word, protocol supplementary concept word, rare disease supplementary concept word, unique identifier,
      \nsynonyms] (116)
      \n75 “standard of living”.ti,ab. (1105)
      \n76 or\/44-75 (616110)
      \n77 1 or 12 or 17 or 35 or 43 or 76 [STRUCTURAL BARRIERS] (1165365)
      \n78 Child\/ (1598598)
      \n79 Adolescent\/ (1905520)
      \n80 Young adult\/ (646589)
      \n81 exp Child welfare\/ (30448)
      \n82 Child, abandoned\/ (515)
      \n83 exp Child, exceptional\/ (847)
      \n84 Child, orphaned\/ (616)
      \n85 Child hospitalized\/ (6359)
      \n86 Child institutionalized\/ (1870)
      \n87 Adolescent hospitalized\/ (425)
      \n88 Adolescent institutionalized\/ (123)
      \n89 homeless youth\/ (1158)
      \n90 Minors\/ (2514)
      \n91 Students\/ (48632)
      \n92 Disabled children\/ (5524)
      \n93 child*.ti,ab. (1132843)
      \n94 boy*.ti,ab. (126935)
      \n95 girl*.ti,ab. (121928)
      \n96 (schoolage* or (school adj1 age*)).ti,ab. (17166)
      \n97 schoolchild*.ti,ab. (11922)
      \n98 prepubescen*.ti,ab. (855)
      \n99 pubescen*.ti,ab. (1651)
      \n100 adolescen*.ti,ab. (206752)
      \n101 juvenil*.ti,ab. (66653)
      \n102 underage*.ti,ab. (881)
      \n103 (teen or teens).ti,ab. (8370)
      \n104 teenage*.ti,ab. (17500)
      \n105 (youth or youths).ti,ab. (49372)
      \n106 (transition adj4 adult*).ti,ab. (2757)
      \n107 early adult*.ti,ab. (5285)
      \n108 emerging adult*.ti,ab. (1156)
      \n109 young adult*.ti,ab. (69912)
      \n110 young person.ti,ab. (767)
      \n111 young people.ti,ab. (19536)
      \n112 child*.jw. (132699)
      \n113 adolescen*.jw. (33558)
      \n114 youth*.jw. (1614)
      \n115 school*.jw. (16323)
      \n116 or\/78-115 [ADOLESCENTS] (3473581)
      \n117 exp HIV\/ (93993)
      \n118 exp HIV Infections\/ (267375)
      \n119 hiv.ti,ab. (260587)
      \n120 “hiv1”.ti,ab. (799)
      \n121 “hiv2”.ti,ab. (156)
      \n122 “hiv type 1”.ti,ab. (3762)
      \n123 “hiv type 2”.ti,ab. (180)
      \n124 human immunodeficiency virus.ti,ab. (76090)
      \n125 human immunedeficiency virus.ti,ab. (4)
      \n126 human immuno-deficiency virus.ti,ab. (205)
      \n127 human immune-deficiency virus.ti,ab. (290)
      \n128 (human immun* adj3 deficiency virus).ti,ab. (499)
      \n129 acquired immunodeficiency syndrome.ti,ab. (15244)
      \n130 acquired immunedeficiency syndrome.ti,ab. (10)
      \n131 acquired immuno-deficiency syndrome.ti,ab. (111)
      \n132 acquired immune-deficiency syndrome.ti,ab. (5338)
      \n133 (acquired immun* adj3 deficiency syndrome).ti,ab. (5488)
      \n134 or\/117-133 [HIV] (352040)
      \n135 Benin\/ (1323)
      \n136 (Benin or Dahomey).ti,ab. (2576)
      \n137 Burkina Faso\/ (2839)
      \n138 (Burkina Faso or Burkina Fasso or Upper Volta).ti,ab. (3172)
      \n139 Burundi\/ (610)
      \n140 Burundi.ti,ab. (634)
      \n141 Central African Republic\/ (728)
      \n142 (Central African Republic or Ubangi-Shari).ti,ab. (816)
      \n143 Chad\/ (633)
      \n144 Chad.ti,ab. (875)
      \n145 Comoros\/ (264)
      \n146 (Comoros or Comoro Islands or Mayotte or Iles Comores).ti,ab. (443)
      \n147 “Democratic Republic of the Congo”\/ (3679)
      \n148 ((democratic republic adj2 congo) or belgian congo or zaire).ti,ab. (3493)
      \n149 Eritrea\/ (263)
      \n150 Eritrea.ti,ab. (350)
      \n151 Ethiopia\/ (9687)
      \n152 Ethiopia.ti,ab. (8506)
      \n153 Gambia\/ (2372)
      \n154 Gambia.ti,ab. (2030)
      \n155 Guinea\/ (883)
      \n156 (Guinea not (New Guinea or Guinea Pig* or Guinea Fowl)).ti,ab. (3055)
      \n157 Guinea-Bissau\/ (873)
      \n158 (Guinea-Bissau or Portuguese Guinea).ti,ab. (867)
      \n159 Liberia\/ (1045)
      \n160 Liberia.ti,ab. (1111)
      \n161 Madagascar\/ (3006)
      \n162 (Madagascar or Malagasy Republic).ti,ab. (3579)
      \n163 Malawi\/ (4349)
      \n164 (Malawi or Nyasaland).ti,ab. (4652)
      \n165 Mali\/ (2145)
      \n166 Mali.ti,ab. (2691)
      \n167 Mozambique\/ (1964)
      \n168 (Mozambique or Portuguese East Africa).ti,ab. (2409)
      \n169 Niger\/ (1062)
      \n170 (Niger not (Aspergillus or Peptococcus or Schizothorax or Cruciferae or Gobius or Lasius or Agelastes or
      \nMelanosuchus or radish or Parastromateus or Orius or Apergillus or Parastromateus or Stomoxys)).ti,ab. (2501)
      \n171 Rwanda\/ (1965)
      \n172 (Rwanda or Ruanda).ti,ab. (1994)
      \n173 Senegal\/ (5304)
      \n174 senegal.ti,ab. (4603)
      \n175 Sierra Leone\/ (1269)
      \n176 Sierra Leone.ti,ab. (1463)
      \n177 Somalia\/ (1397)
      \n178 Somalia.ti,ab. (1033)
      \n179 South Sudan\/ (57)
      \n180 south sudan.ti,ab. (282)
      \n181 Tanzania\/ (9904)
      \n182 (Tanzania or Zanzibar).ti,ab. (9392)
      \n183 Togo\/ (996)
      \n184 (Togo or Togolese Republic).ti,ab. (1109)
      \n185 Uganda\/ (10326)
      \n186 Uganda.ti,ab. (9874)
      \n187 Zimbabwe\/ (5435)
      \n188 (Zimbabwe or Rhodesia).ti,ab. (4830)
      \n189 Cameroon\/ (4768)
      \n190 Cameroon.ti,ab. (4954)
      \n191 Cape Verde\/ (152)
      \n192 (Cape Verde or Cabo Verde).ti,ab. (439)
      \n193 Congo\/ (1649)
      \n194 (congo not ((democratic republic adj3 congo) or congo red or crimean-congo)).ti,ab. (2070)
      \n195 Cote d’Ivoire\/ (2874)
      \n196 (Cote d’Ivoire or Ivory Coast).ti,ab. (3080)
      \n197 Ghana\/ (6550)
      \n198 (Ghana or Gold Coast).ti,ab. (6649)
      \n199 Kenya\/ (14067)
      \n200 kenya.ti,ab. (13101)
      \n201 Lesotho\/ (373)
      \n202 (Lesotho or Basutoland).ti,ab. (509)
      \n203 Mauritania\/ (401)
      \n204 Mauritania.ti,ab. (482)
      \n205 Nigeria\/ (26312)
      \n206 Nigeria.ti,ab. (20104)
      \n207 Atlantic Islands\/ (734)
      \n208 (sao tome adj2 principe).ti,ab. (104)
      \n209 Sudan\/ (4528)
      \n210 (Sudan not south sudan).ti,ab. (5923)
      \n211 Swaziland\/ (466)
      \n212 Swaziland.ti,ab. (611)
      \n213 Zambia\/ (3954)
      \n214 (Zambia or Northern Rhodesia).ti,ab. (3820)
      \n215 Angola\/ (853)
      \n216 Angola.ti,ab. (1013)
      \n217 Botswana\/ (1538)
      \n218 (Botswana or Bechuanaland or Kalahari).ti,ab. (1796)
      \n219 Equatorial Guinea\/ (228)
      \n220 (Equatorial Guinea or Spanish Guinea).ti,ab. (334)
      \n221 Gabon\/ (1368)
      \n222 (Gabon or Gabonese Republic).ti,ab. (1413)
      \n223 Mauritius\/ (512)
      \n224 (Mauritius or Agalega Islands).ti,ab. (724)
      \n225 Namibia\/ (893)
      \n226 Namibia.ti,ab. (1012)
      \n227 South Africa\/ (37567)
      \n228 South Africa.ti,ab. (23223)
      \n229 Seychelles\/ (330)
      \n230 Seychelles.ti,ab. (538)
      \n231 “africa south of the sahara”\/ or africa, central\/ or africa, eastern\/ or africa, southern\/ or africa, western\/
      \n(18745)
      \n232 (“africa south of the sahara” or sub-saharan africa or central africa or eastern africa or southern africa or
      \nwestern africa).ti,ab. (19782)
      \n233 or\/135-232 [SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA] (218039)
      \n234 77 and 116 and 134 and 233 (5134)<\/p>\n

      I sent a copy of this, plus a link to an EndNote library containing the 5134 papers to the rest of the project team for discussion and possible edits. The editing process will be covered in part 4.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

      This is the third in a series of posts looking at how to put together…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":333,"featured_media":2737,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[44742,27710,81945],"tags":[64526,27656,64525],"class_list":["post-4459","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-databases","category-library-resources","category-literature-searching","tag-constructing-literature-searches","tag-literature-searching","tag-systematic-review-series","odd"],"yoast_head":"\nConstructing a literature search for a systematic review: part 3, putting your search terms together and testing their efficiency - Library, Archive & Open Research Services blog<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/blogs.lshtm.ac.uk\/library\/2017\/11\/17\/litsearchingforsrs3\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_GB\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Constructing a literature search for a systematic review: part 3, putting your search terms together and testing their efficiency - 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