{"id":7577,"date":"2022-05-23T12:23:42","date_gmt":"2022-05-23T12:23:42","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/blogs.lshtm.ac.uk\/library\/?p=7577"},"modified":"2022-08-03T16:09:01","modified_gmt":"2022-08-03T16:09:01","slug":"under-the-lens-londons-water-examined-in-the-1853-4-cholera-pandemic-lshtm-rare-books-blog-series-no-4-may-2022","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blogs.lshtm.ac.uk\/library\/2022\/05\/23\/under-the-lens-londons-water-examined-in-the-1853-4-cholera-pandemic-lshtm-rare-books-blog-series-no-4-may-2022\/","title":{"rendered":"Under the lens : London\u2019s water examined in the 1853-4 cholera pandemic. LSHTM Rare Books Blog series No. 4. May 2022."},"content":{"rendered":"
\"\"<\/a>
Figure 1:  Colourful organisms in a sample of the water supplied by the Southwark & Vauxhall Company to St. Thomas\u2019s Hospital in 1854 as seen under the microscope (Hassall 1855a : page 248, Plate 19). <\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

This illustration of a microcosm of the natural world in London\u2019s water in 1854 was published in a book in the School\u2019s Library, Report of the Medical Council \u2026 in relation to the cholera-epidemic of 1854<\/em> (General Board of Health. Medical Council 1855). It formed part of the evidence gathered for a government investigation at a time when the cause of cholera was unknown and the two main hypotheses for it\u2019s mode of transmission were air pollution and contaminated drinking water. A Scientific Committee of Investigation was tasked with collecting and analyzing meteorological, chemical and microscopical evidence in London. The results were published in 1855.<\/p>\n

The man leading the water-borne investigation was Arthur Hill Hassall (1817-1894), a public analyst, microscopist and author of A microscopical examination of the water supplied to the inhabitants of London and the suburban districts<\/em> (Hassall 1850) which secured his appointment to the cholera enquiry.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a>
Figure 2: A portrait of Arthur Hill Hassall (Source: Art UK<\/a>)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Most of London\u2019s water came from the Thames, either fetched directly or pumped out of the river and distributed by commercial water companies. Hassall collected water from the Thames, from the water companies, from residences supplied by the companies where someone had died of cholera, and from wells.  Samples were set aside in flasks for several hours to allow solid particles to collect at the bottom. After which they were examined under the microscope and separated into dead and living organic matter, vegetable and animal. The living plants were many and varied including algae and fungi spores. The living animals were of many kinds \u2013 protozoans, worms of several species and their eggs, water-fleas and their eggs – which could be seen darting about with great rapidity  \u2013 even in samples taken from people\u2019s homes!  Hassall wrote, \u201cthe presence of living organisms in water \u2026 is \u2026 evidence of impurity and as showing that the water contains constituents on which they can feed and grow\u201d (Hassall 1893 : 61-66).  The Thames, as well as supplying London\u2019s drinking water, was also the repository for the discharge of its sewers, creating the ideal environment for micro-organisms to thrive. By contrast, Hassall\u2019s samples taken from wells were mostly free of organic matter : Hassall wrote \u201c\u2026 living productions are not contained in the very purest and best waters\u201d (Hasall 1893 : 63).<\/p>\n

Hassall\u2019s scientific description of each sample was published in his \u201cReport of the microscopical examination of different waters\u201d (Hassall, 1855a), supplemented by hand-coloured plates of 25 water samples, lithographed by Tuffen West (1823-1891) (Dolan 2021) after drawings by Henry Miller, both of whom had the expertise to interpret and draw to scale organisms under a microscope at a magnification of 200-220 times their natural size.  The organisms were identified by Hassall in a key printed below the figures. <\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a>
Figure 3: Under magnification, organisms in a water sample (supplied by the Southwark & Vauxhall Company) taken from a cistern in a house at 154 Waterloo Road where there had been one death from cholera (Hassall 1855a : page 228, Plate 3). <\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Some samples contained micro-organisms which Hassall could not identify and he called them vibriones (Hassall 1855a: page 228, Plate 3). In a second study Hassall examined evacuations from cholera patients (Hassall, 1855b).  Once again, Hassall was not able to identify everything and described : \u201cmyriads of vibriones \u2026 in every drop of every sample of rice-water discharge\u201d (Hassall 1855b : page 289, Plate 26). The microscope was an invaluable tool in the discovery of pathogenic organisms in the 19th<\/sup> century. Using more sophisticated techniques than Hassall had done, involving staining samples and photomicrography, the bacterium Vibrio cholerae<\/em> was discovered as the cause of cholera by the German bacteriologist Robert Koch (1843-1910). Koch was working in India in 1884 where patients used the same water for bathing, washing and household cleaning. Later, with the benefit of hindsight, Hassall recognized that he had seen \u201camongst the small organisms various bacilli, either single or in groups, but which in those days were not discriminated and studied to the extent they now are and the real importance of which was overlooked. However I did not fail to perceive them and to record their presence\u201d (Hassall 1893 : 63).  These vibriones, Paul Bingham asserts, were cholera bacteria. Had Hassall studied them thoroughly, he would have been first to discover the cholera bacillus (Bingham 2021 ; Paneth et al 1998 : 1547-1548, 1550).<\/p>\n

Hassall\u2019s evidence was not conclusive and the General Board of Health did not accept cholera was a water-borne disease (Paneth et al 1998 : 1549). Koch went on to prove that cholera was transmitted in drinking water contaminated with the faeces of cholera patients. From the work of Koch and others, countries which practice good hygiene, have proper sanitation and a supply of pure water have been able to eliminate cholera.<\/p>\n

Arthur Hill Hassall (1817-1894) was born in Teddington, Middlesex and qualified as a physician in 1851. He ran general practices in London and was also a senior physician at the Royal Free Hospital. He wrote a study of British algae (Hassall 1845) and the first textbook in English on human histology (Hassall, 1849).   Hassall\u2019s most important contribution to public health was a forensic investigation into food adulteration (Hassall 1855). In 1866 ill-health prompted a move to the Isle of Wight, and in 1878 he moved to Switzerland. Hassall died in San Remo, Italy aged 77.<\/p>\n

References:<\/p>\n

BINGHAM, Paul, 2021. The greatest missed microscopical opportunity? https:\/\/johnsnowsociety.org\/files\/2021\/07\/Paul-Bingham-article-on-recognition-of-V-cholerae.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n

DOLAN, J.R., 2021. Tuffen West, FLS, FRMS (1823-1891) : artist of the microscopic, naturalist, and populariser of microscopy. ISTE OpenScience<\/em>. 19 pp.<\/p>\n

GENERAL BOARD OF HEALTH. Medical Council, 1855. Report of the Medical Council to the Right Hon. Sir Benjamin Hall, Bart., M.P., \u2026 in relation to the cholera-epidemic of 1854<\/em><\/a>. London : Printed by George E. Eyre and William Spottiswoode \u2026 for Her Majesty\u2019s Stationery Office. (LSHTM Library *JZE 1855).<\/p>\n

HASSALL, A.H., 1845.  A history of British freshwater Algae<\/em>.  London. 2 vols.<\/p>\n

HASSALL, A.H., 1849 . The microscopic anatomy of the human body in health and disease<\/em>. London : S. Highley.<\/p>\n

HASSALL, A.H., 1850. A microscopical examination of the water supplied to the inhabitants of London and the suburban districts<\/em>.  \u2026 illustrated by coloured plates. London. (LSHTM Library *SEC.43 1850)<\/p>\n

HASSALL, A.H., 1855a. Report on the microscopical examination of different waters (principally those used in the metropolis) during the cholera-epidemic of 1845 (sic). No. VIII, pp. 216-283, 25 plates, in  General Board of Health. Medical Council.  Appendix to<\/em> Report of the Committee for Scientific Inquiries in relation to the Cholera-Epidemic of 1854<\/em>. London : Printed by George E. Eyre and William Spottiswoode for Her Majesty\u2019s Stationery Office. viii, 352 pp.  (LSHTM Library *JZE 1855). (NB: The misprint in the title of Hassall\u2019s report in which 1845 is printed incorrectly for 1854).<\/a><\/p>\n

HASSALL, A.H., 1855b. Report on the microscopical examination of the blood and excretions of cholera patients. No. XI, pp. 289-307, 2 plates in General Board of Health. Medical Council.  Appendix to<\/em> Report of the Committee for Scientific Inquiries in relation to the Cholera-Epidemic of 1854<\/em>. London : Printed by George E. Eyre and William Spottiswoode for Her Majesty\u2019s Stationery Office. viii, 352 pp.   (LSHTM Library *JZE 1855).<\/p>\n

HASSALL, A.H., 1855c.  Food and its adulterations. <\/em>London : Longman, Brown, Green, and Longmans. <\/em>(LSHTM *SFE 1855; https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/b2135554x<\/a>);  <\/em>Expanded as Food : its adulterations and methods for their detection<\/em>. London : Longmans, Green, 1876.<\/p>\n

HASSALL, A.H., 1893. The Narrative of a busy life : an autobiography<\/em>. London : Longman, Green, & Co. https:\/\/books.google.co.uk\/books?id=BGDNAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA61&source=gbs_toc_r&cad=3#v=onepage&q&f=false<\/a><\/p>\n

PANETH, Nigel, VINTEN-JOHANSEN, Peter, BRODY, Howard and RIP, Michael, 1998.  A rivalry of foulness : official and unofficial investigations of the London Cholera Epidemic of 1854. American Journal of Public Health<\/em> 88 <\/strong>(10) : 1545-1553.  <\/p>\n

LSHTM Library Rare Books Collection Blogs <\/strong>is an occasional posting highlighting books that are landmarks in the understanding of tropical medicine and public health.  The Rare Books Collection  was initiated by Cyril Cuthbert Barnard (1894-1959), the first Librarian, from donations and purchases, assisted with grants from the Carnegie United Kingdom Trust. There are approximately 1600 historically important rare and antiquarian books in the Rare Books Collection.      <\/p>\n

Many of the LSHTM Library\u2019s rare books were digitized as part of the UK Medical Heritage Library. This provides high-quality copyright-free downloads of over 200,000 books and pamphlets for the 19th<\/sup> and early 20th<\/sup> century. To help preserve the rare books, please consult the digital copy in the first instance.<\/p>\n

If the book has not been digitized or if you need to consult the physical object, please request access on the Library\u2019s Discover search service. Use the search function to find the book you would like to view. Click the title to view more information and then click \u2018Request\u2019. You can also email library@lshtm.ac.uk<\/a> with details of the item you wish to view. A librarian will get in touch to arrange a time for you to view the item.<\/p>\n

Researchers wishing to view the physical rare books must abide by the Guidelines for using the archives and complete and sign a registration form which signifies their agreement to abide by the archive rules. More information is available on the Visiting Archives webpage.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

This illustration of a microcosm of the natural world in London\u2019s water in 1854 was…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":859,"featured_media":7579,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[7575],"tags":[16686,81854,14017,18904,27677],"class_list":["post-7577","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-books","tag-cholera","tag-hassall","tag-lshtm","tag-lshtm-library","tag-rare-books","odd"],"yoast_head":"\nUnder the lens : London\u2019s water examined in the 1853-4 cholera pandemic. LSHTM Rare Books Blog series No. 4. 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May 2022. - Library, Archive & Open Research Services blog","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/blogs.lshtm.ac.uk\/library\/#website"},"primaryImageOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/blogs.lshtm.ac.uk\/library\/2022\/05\/23\/under-the-lens-londons-water-examined-in-the-1853-4-cholera-pandemic-lshtm-rare-books-blog-series-no-4-may-2022\/#primaryimage"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/blogs.lshtm.ac.uk\/library\/2022\/05\/23\/under-the-lens-londons-water-examined-in-the-1853-4-cholera-pandemic-lshtm-rare-books-blog-series-no-4-may-2022\/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/blogs.lshtm.ac.uk\/library\/files\/2022\/05\/Under-the-lens-2.jpg","datePublished":"2022-05-23T12:23:42+00:00","dateModified":"2022-08-03T16:09:01+00:00","author":{"@id":"https:\/\/blogs.lshtm.ac.uk\/library\/#\/schema\/person\/740af6fee051cc310bb8295b08758be6"},"inLanguage":"en-GB","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https:\/\/blogs.lshtm.ac.uk\/library\/2022\/05\/23\/under-the-lens-londons-water-examined-in-the-1853-4-cholera-pandemic-lshtm-rare-books-blog-series-no-4-may-2022\/"]}]},{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-GB","@id":"https:\/\/blogs.lshtm.ac.uk\/library\/2022\/05\/23\/under-the-lens-londons-water-examined-in-the-1853-4-cholera-pandemic-lshtm-rare-books-blog-series-no-4-may-2022\/#primaryimage","url":"https:\/\/blogs.lshtm.ac.uk\/library\/files\/2022\/05\/Under-the-lens-2.jpg","contentUrl":"https:\/\/blogs.lshtm.ac.uk\/library\/files\/2022\/05\/Under-the-lens-2.jpg","width":431,"height":510,"caption":"Figure 3: Under magnification, organisms in a water sample (supplied by the Southwark & Vauxhall Company) taken from a cistern in a house at 154 Waterloo Road where there had been one death from cholera (Hassall 1855a : page 228, Plate 3)."},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https:\/\/blogs.lshtm.ac.uk\/library\/#website","url":"https:\/\/blogs.lshtm.ac.uk\/library\/","name":"Library, Archive & Open Research Services blog","description":"News & features from LAORS","potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https:\/\/blogs.lshtm.ac.uk\/library\/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":{"@type":"PropertyValueSpecification","valueRequired":true,"valueName":"search_term_string"}}],"inLanguage":"en-GB"},{"@type":"Person","@id":"https:\/\/blogs.lshtm.ac.uk\/library\/#\/schema\/person\/740af6fee051cc310bb8295b08758be6","name":"lshps8","url":"https:\/\/blogs.lshtm.ac.uk\/library\/author\/lshps8\/"}]}},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogs.lshtm.ac.uk\/library\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7577","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogs.lshtm.ac.uk\/library\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogs.lshtm.ac.uk\/library\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.lshtm.ac.uk\/library\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/859"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.lshtm.ac.uk\/library\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=7577"}],"version-history":[{"count":9,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.lshtm.ac.uk\/library\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7577\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":7639,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.lshtm.ac.uk\/library\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7577\/revisions\/7639"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.lshtm.ac.uk\/library\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/7579"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogs.lshtm.ac.uk\/library\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=7577"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.lshtm.ac.uk\/library\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=7577"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.lshtm.ac.uk\/library\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=7577"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}