{"id":9083,"date":"2024-03-28T17:18:21","date_gmt":"2024-03-28T17:18:21","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/blogs.lshtm.ac.uk\/library\/?p=9083"},"modified":"2024-03-28T17:18:23","modified_gmt":"2024-03-28T17:18:23","slug":"1st-april-1924-the-beginning-of-the-london-school-of-hygiene-and-tropical-medicine","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blogs.lshtm.ac.uk\/library\/2024\/03\/28\/1st-april-1924-the-beginning-of-the-london-school-of-hygiene-and-tropical-medicine\/","title":{"rendered":"1st April 1924: The Beginning of The London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>On the 1<sup>st<\/sup> of April 1924 the School was granted its Royal Charter and it&#8217;s name was changed from the London School of Tropical Medicine to the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine. \u00a0<\/p>\n<p>The School originally opened as the London School of Tropical Medicine on 2<sup>nd<\/sup>\u00a0October 1899. It was part of the Seamen\u2019s Hospital Society\u2019s Branch Hospital at the Royal Albert Dock Hospital in the East End of London. The object of the School was to train students to study\u00a0and treat tropical diseases. In 1924 the School\u2019s remit expanded to also include the study of public health.\u00a0<\/p>\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.lshtm.ac.uk\/library\/files\/2024\/03\/1899-1924-prospectuses.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"733\" src=\"https:\/\/blogs.lshtm.ac.uk\/library\/files\/2024\/03\/1899-1924-prospectuses-1024x733.png\" alt=\"1899-1900 London School of Tropical Medicine prospectus and 1924-1925 London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine prospectus\" class=\"wp-image-9086\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blogs.lshtm.ac.uk\/library\/files\/2024\/03\/1899-1924-prospectuses-1024x733.png 1024w, https:\/\/blogs.lshtm.ac.uk\/library\/files\/2024\/03\/1899-1924-prospectuses-300x215.png 300w, https:\/\/blogs.lshtm.ac.uk\/library\/files\/2024\/03\/1899-1924-prospectuses-768x550.png 768w, https:\/\/blogs.lshtm.ac.uk\/library\/files\/2024\/03\/1899-1924-prospectuses-1536x1100.png 1536w, https:\/\/blogs.lshtm.ac.uk\/library\/files\/2024\/03\/1899-1924-prospectuses-2048x1466.png 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><sub>1899-1900 London School of Tropical Medicine prospectus and 1924-1925 London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine prospectus<\/sub><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">The Athlone Committee<\/h2>\n<p>A Committee on Postgraduate Medical Education in London, chaired by\u00a0Alexander Cambridge, 1st Earl of Athlone, was created in 1921. The purpose of the committee was to investigate the needs of medical practitioners and other graduates of further education in medicine in London.\u00a0<\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-media-text is-stacked-on-mobile\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-media-text__media\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"877\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/blogs.lshtm.ac.uk\/library\/files\/2024\/03\/Athlone-877x1024.jpeg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-9087 size-full\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blogs.lshtm.ac.uk\/library\/files\/2024\/03\/Athlone-877x1024.jpeg 877w, https:\/\/blogs.lshtm.ac.uk\/library\/files\/2024\/03\/Athlone-257x300.jpeg 257w, https:\/\/blogs.lshtm.ac.uk\/library\/files\/2024\/03\/Athlone-768x897.jpeg 768w, https:\/\/blogs.lshtm.ac.uk\/library\/files\/2024\/03\/Athlone-1315x1536.jpeg 1315w, https:\/\/blogs.lshtm.ac.uk\/library\/files\/2024\/03\/Athlone-1754x2048.jpeg 1754w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 877px) 100vw, 877px\" \/><\/figure>\n<div class=\"wp-block-media-text__content\">\n<p>The Committee\u2019s report was published in May 1921. It recommended that a School of Hygiene should be established in association with the London University as a postgraduate centre for the teaching of the public health. This was to include Public Health, Forensic Medicine, Industrial Medicine and medical ethics and economics. The scope of teaching was to cover \u2018the maintenance of health and the prevention of disease in their widest applications, not only in temperate but in arctic and tropical climates.\u2019<sup data-fn=\"5d34cdd5-ba3e-4e09-bcaa-f70ae441ac68\" class=\"fn\"><a href=\"#5d34cdd5-ba3e-4e09-bcaa-f70ae441ac68\" id=\"5d34cdd5-ba3e-4e09-bcaa-f70ae441ac68-link\">1<\/a><\/sup> <\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>It was also decided that a 34 person Court of Govenors was to be appointed by the Minister of Health, the Senate of the University of London, the Seamen\u2019s Hospital Society, the General Medical Council, the Secretaries of State for Home Affairs, Colonies, India, War, Air, the Admiralty and various other government and medical bodies.\u00a0<\/p>\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">The Rockefeller Foundation<\/h2>\n<p>The establishment of a School of Hygiene in London was made possible by a donation of two million dollars by the Rockefeller Foundation. The donation was to be used for land, buildings and equipment for the new School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine.\u00a0<\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-media-text has-media-on-the-right is-stacked-on-mobile\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-media-text__content\">\n<p>LSHTM\u2019s connection with the Rockefeller Foundation was\u00a0supported by Robert Leiper, a helminthologist who worked at the School from 1905 until his retirement in 1947. \u00a0<\/p>\n<p>In 1913, Wickliffe Rose, Director of the Rockefeller&#8217;s International Health Board, visited Robert Leiper at the School to consult on hookworm disease. This meeting marked the start of a connection between the School and the Rockefeller Foundation.\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<figure class=\"wp-block-media-text__media\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"638\" height=\"720\" src=\"https:\/\/blogs.lshtm.ac.uk\/library\/files\/2024\/03\/Leiper1.png\" alt=\"Black and white photograph of Robert Thomson Leiper \" class=\"wp-image-9088 size-full\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blogs.lshtm.ac.uk\/library\/files\/2024\/03\/Leiper1.png 638w, https:\/\/blogs.lshtm.ac.uk\/library\/files\/2024\/03\/Leiper1-266x300.png 266w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 638px) 100vw, 638px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<p>The Rockefeller Foundation also believed that there should be an institution in London which could be the European counterpart of the John Hopkins School of Hygiene and Public Health in Baltimore. In November 1919 Victor Heiser, Director for The East of the Rockefeller Foundation,\u00a0wrote to Leiper that he hoped \u2018that the next step in Great Britain will be the establishment of a great school of hygiene and public health.\u2019<sup data-fn=\"c82960a9-11a5-428c-b92b-aed5758e211a\" class=\"fn\"><a href=\"#c82960a9-11a5-428c-b92b-aed5758e211a\" id=\"c82960a9-11a5-428c-b92b-aed5758e211a-link\">2<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<p>In a March 1921 letter to Sir James Michelli, Leiper informed him that he had been invited to\u00a0the opening of the Peking Union Medical College, built by the Rockefeller Foundation. He\u00a0suspected there was \u2018more in this than meets the eye\u2019<sup data-fn=\"d79d5ad6-5d97-43de-9620-ff71a540e76a\" class=\"fn\"><a href=\"#d79d5ad6-5d97-43de-9620-ff71a540e76a\" id=\"d79d5ad6-5d97-43de-9620-ff71a540e76a-link\">3<\/a><\/sup> and that the visit would facilitate him and Rose\u00a0further\u00a0discussing the new institution.\u00a0<\/p>\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.lshtm.ac.uk\/library\/files\/2024\/03\/Leiper-press-cutting-scaled.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"626\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/blogs.lshtm.ac.uk\/library\/files\/2024\/03\/Leiper-press-cutting-626x1024.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-9091\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blogs.lshtm.ac.uk\/library\/files\/2024\/03\/Leiper-press-cutting-626x1024.jpg 626w, https:\/\/blogs.lshtm.ac.uk\/library\/files\/2024\/03\/Leiper-press-cutting-184x300.jpg 184w, https:\/\/blogs.lshtm.ac.uk\/library\/files\/2024\/03\/Leiper-press-cutting-768x1255.jpg 768w, https:\/\/blogs.lshtm.ac.uk\/library\/files\/2024\/03\/Leiper-press-cutting-940x1536.jpg 940w, https:\/\/blogs.lshtm.ac.uk\/library\/files\/2024\/03\/Leiper-press-cutting-1253x2048.jpg 1253w, https:\/\/blogs.lshtm.ac.uk\/library\/files\/2024\/03\/Leiper-press-cutting-scaled.jpg 1566w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 626px) 100vw, 626px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><sub>Press cutting from the British Medical Journal 25 February 1922 with section underlined by Leiper (GB 0809 Leiper\/03\/01)<\/sub><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Purchase of the Keppel Street Site<\/h2>\n<div class=\"wp-block-media-text is-stacked-on-mobile\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-media-text__media\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"884\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/blogs.lshtm.ac.uk\/library\/files\/2024\/03\/Booths-map-884x1024.jpeg\" alt=\"Charles Booth's poverty map of London showing Keppel Street  \" class=\"wp-image-9089 size-full\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blogs.lshtm.ac.uk\/library\/files\/2024\/03\/Booths-map-884x1024.jpeg 884w, https:\/\/blogs.lshtm.ac.uk\/library\/files\/2024\/03\/Booths-map-259x300.jpeg 259w, https:\/\/blogs.lshtm.ac.uk\/library\/files\/2024\/03\/Booths-map-768x889.jpeg 768w, https:\/\/blogs.lshtm.ac.uk\/library\/files\/2024\/03\/Booths-map-1327x1536.jpeg 1327w, https:\/\/blogs.lshtm.ac.uk\/library\/files\/2024\/03\/Booths-map-1769x2048.jpeg 1769w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 884px) 100vw, 884px\" \/><\/figure>\n<div class=\"wp-block-media-text__content\">\n<p>In March 1923, land was acquired on Keppel Street in Bloomsbury on which the new School would be built. The National Theatre Committee had purchased the Keppel Street site in 1913. It intended to build a Shakespeare Memorial Theatre in readiness for the tercentenary of the playwright\u2019s death in 1916. These plans were shelved at the outbreak of the First World War. <\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>In 1916 a YMCA hut called the Shakespeare Hut was constructed as a \u2018home away from home\u2019 for Anzac soldiers to rest, recover and be entertained. In 1923 the Rockefeller Foundation bought the site for \u00a352,000 (which would be approximately \u00a32.6 million today). \u00a0<\/p>\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large is-resized\"><a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.lshtm.ac.uk\/library\/files\/2024\/03\/Shakespeare.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"486\" src=\"https:\/\/blogs.lshtm.ac.uk\/library\/files\/2024\/03\/Shakespeare-1024x486.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-9090\" style=\"width:737px;height:auto\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blogs.lshtm.ac.uk\/library\/files\/2024\/03\/Shakespeare-1024x486.png 1024w, https:\/\/blogs.lshtm.ac.uk\/library\/files\/2024\/03\/Shakespeare-300x142.png 300w, https:\/\/blogs.lshtm.ac.uk\/library\/files\/2024\/03\/Shakespeare-768x364.png 768w, https:\/\/blogs.lshtm.ac.uk\/library\/files\/2024\/03\/Shakespeare.png 1088w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><sub>Shakespeare Hut<\/sub><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Royal Charter and Name Change<\/h2>\n<p>The School officially became the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine on the 1<sup>st<\/sup> April 1924 and was given Royal approval by H.M. King George V when the Charter was signed. The Royal Charter is a significant document in the School\u2019s history. It marks the departure from the Seamen\u2019s Hospital Society and its amalgamation into the University of London.\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>The Charter stated that the School\u2019s purpose would be \u2018promoting study of and education in public health, hygiene, State medicine, and tropical medicine in Great Britain, the British Dominions, Colonies and Possessions, and in other countries, having a perpetual succession and a Common Seal\u2019<sup data-fn=\"ecf4f3c7-6c3e-45dc-bbff-0680b42cf0a2\" class=\"fn\"><a href=\"#ecf4f3c7-6c3e-45dc-bbff-0680b42cf0a2\" id=\"ecf4f3c7-6c3e-45dc-bbff-0680b42cf0a2-link\">4<\/a><\/sup>. \u00a0<\/p>\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.lshtm.ac.uk\/library\/files\/2024\/03\/Charter-scaled.jpeg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"861\" src=\"https:\/\/blogs.lshtm.ac.uk\/library\/files\/2024\/03\/Charter-1024x861.jpeg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-9092\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blogs.lshtm.ac.uk\/library\/files\/2024\/03\/Charter-1024x861.jpeg 1024w, https:\/\/blogs.lshtm.ac.uk\/library\/files\/2024\/03\/Charter-300x252.jpeg 300w, https:\/\/blogs.lshtm.ac.uk\/library\/files\/2024\/03\/Charter-768x646.jpeg 768w, https:\/\/blogs.lshtm.ac.uk\/library\/files\/2024\/03\/Charter-1536x1292.jpeg 1536w, https:\/\/blogs.lshtm.ac.uk\/library\/files\/2024\/03\/Charter-2048x1722.jpeg 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><sub>School Charter 1924 (GB 0809 Admin\/02\/02\/04)<\/sub>\u00a0<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Continuation of Colonialism<\/h2>\n<p>The London School of Tropical Medicine was originally founded by Sir Patrick Manson in 1899. It was established with partial funding from the Colonial Office due to the viewed importance of tropical medicine to the development of the empire. \u00a0<\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-media-text has-media-on-the-right is-stacked-on-mobile\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-media-text__content\">\n<p>Sir Andrew Balfour was appointed as the first Director of the new London School of Hygiene &amp; Tropical Medicine. His choice of career was influenced by the founder of the London School of Tropical Medicine, Sir Patrick Manson. He praised the \u2018Masonian tradition\u2019 and aimed to further the interests in which the School was founded<sup data-fn=\"de4398a1-1760-4be9-8214-8c4a4c0059e4\" class=\"fn\"><a href=\"#de4398a1-1760-4be9-8214-8c4a4c0059e4\" id=\"de4398a1-1760-4be9-8214-8c4a4c0059e4-link\">5<\/a><\/sup>, illustrating that the introduction of public health to the School did not change its colonial aims. \u00a0<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<figure class=\"wp-block-media-text__media\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"227\" height=\"300\" src=\"https:\/\/blogs.lshtm.ac.uk\/library\/files\/2024\/03\/Balfour.png\" alt=\"Andrew Balfour\" class=\"wp-image-9093 size-full\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<p>In a letter from J.H. Thomas, Secretary of State for the Colonies,\u00a0he\u00a0expressed concern that it would be an \u2018irreparable loss [&#8230;]\u00a0if the activities of the existing ogranisation were in any way restricted, or if its close connection with the Colonial Office and Colonial Governments became in any degree less intimate or direct\u2019<sup data-fn=\"c377ce9d-6f23-41f5-a02b-26d3826ddb3d\" class=\"fn\"><a href=\"#c377ce9d-6f23-41f5-a02b-26d3826ddb3d\" id=\"c377ce9d-6f23-41f5-a02b-26d3826ddb3d-link\">6<\/a><\/sup>. <\/p>\n<p>Despite the incorporation of hygiene into its curriculum, the School remained firmly entrenched in colonial pursuits, a testament to its enduring ties with the Colonial Office and its commitment to furthering imperial interests.\u00a0<\/p>\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.lshtm.ac.uk\/library\/files\/2024\/03\/Downing-Street-scaled.jpeg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"662\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/blogs.lshtm.ac.uk\/library\/files\/2024\/03\/Downing-Street-662x1024.jpeg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-9094\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blogs.lshtm.ac.uk\/library\/files\/2024\/03\/Downing-Street-662x1024.jpeg 662w, https:\/\/blogs.lshtm.ac.uk\/library\/files\/2024\/03\/Downing-Street-194x300.jpeg 194w, https:\/\/blogs.lshtm.ac.uk\/library\/files\/2024\/03\/Downing-Street-768x1188.jpeg 768w, https:\/\/blogs.lshtm.ac.uk\/library\/files\/2024\/03\/Downing-Street-993x1536.jpeg 993w, https:\/\/blogs.lshtm.ac.uk\/library\/files\/2024\/03\/Downing-Street-1324x2048.jpeg 1324w, https:\/\/blogs.lshtm.ac.uk\/library\/files\/2024\/03\/Downing-Street-scaled.jpeg 1655w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 662px) 100vw, 662px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><sub>Letter from J.H. Thomas, Downing Street, concerning the Charter of Incorporation of LSHTM (GB 0809 Admin\/02\/02\/03)\u00a0<\/sub><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<ol class=\"wp-block-footnotes\">\n<li id=\"5d34cdd5-ba3e-4e09-bcaa-f70ae441ac68\"><sub>Wellcome Collection, SA\/LIS\/K.5 (Athlone Committee on Postgraduate Medical Education in London; and establishment of London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine)<\/sub> <a href=\"#5d34cdd5-ba3e-4e09-bcaa-f70ae441ac68-link\" aria-label=\"Jump to footnote reference 1\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"c82960a9-11a5-428c-b92b-aed5758e211a\"><sub>GB 0809 Leiper\/03\/05<\/sub> <a href=\"#c82960a9-11a5-428c-b92b-aed5758e211a-link\" aria-label=\"Jump to footnote reference 2\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"d79d5ad6-5d97-43de-9620-ff71a540e76a\"><sub>GB 0809 Leiper\/03\/05<\/sub> <a href=\"#d79d5ad6-5d97-43de-9620-ff71a540e76a-link\" aria-label=\"Jump to footnote reference 3\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"ecf4f3c7-6c3e-45dc-bbff-0680b42cf0a2\"><sub>GB 0809 Admin\/02\/02\/04<\/sub> <a href=\"#ecf4f3c7-6c3e-45dc-bbff-0680b42cf0a2-link\" aria-label=\"Jump to footnote reference 4\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"de4398a1-1760-4be9-8214-8c4a4c0059e4\"><sub>Seamen\u2019s Hospital Society Minutes Volume 9<\/sub> <a href=\"#de4398a1-1760-4be9-8214-8c4a4c0059e4-link\" aria-label=\"Jump to footnote reference 5\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"c377ce9d-6f23-41f5-a02b-26d3826ddb3d\"><sub>GB 0809 Admin\/02\/02\/03<\/sub> <a href=\"#c377ce9d-6f23-41f5-a02b-26d3826ddb3d-link\" aria-label=\"Jump to footnote reference 6\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>On the 1st of April 1924 the School was granted its Royal Charter and it&#8217;s&#8230;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":892,"featured_media":9096,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":"[{\"id\":\"5d34cdd5-ba3e-4e09-bcaa-f70ae441ac68\",\"content\":\"<sub>Wellcome Collection, SA\\\/LIS\\\/K.5 (Athlone Committee on Postgraduate Medical Education in London; and establishment of London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine)<\\\/sub>\"},{\"id\":\"c82960a9-11a5-428c-b92b-aed5758e211a\",\"content\":\"<sub>GB 0809 Leiper\\\/03\\\/05<\\\/sub>\"},{\"id\":\"d79d5ad6-5d97-43de-9620-ff71a540e76a\",\"content\":\"<sub>GB 0809 Leiper\\\/03\\\/05<\\\/sub>\"},{\"id\":\"ecf4f3c7-6c3e-45dc-bbff-0680b42cf0a2\",\"content\":\"<sub>GB 0809 Admin\\\/02\\\/02\\\/04<\\\/sub>\"},{\"id\":\"de4398a1-1760-4be9-8214-8c4a4c0059e4\",\"content\":\"<sub>Seamen\\u2019s Hospital Society Minutes Volume 9<\\\/sub>\"},{\"id\":\"c377ce9d-6f23-41f5-a02b-26d3826ddb3d\",\"content\":\"<sub>GB 0809 Admin\\\/02\\\/02\\\/03<\\\/sub>\"}]"},"categories":[27649],"tags":[44779,52840,17922,14017],"class_list":["post-9083","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-archives","tag-archives","tag-charter","tag-keppel-street","tag-lshtm","odd"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v26.9 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>1st April 1924: The Beginning of The London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine - Library, Archive &amp; 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