Rakesh Parashar, Ankita Mukherjee (Oxford Policy Management, Delhi)
In this blog series we are giving a voice to practitioners, implementers and policy-makers involved in national COVID-19 responses in low- and middle-income countries. These posts seek to facilitate timely cross- learning by sharing opinions, insights and lessons on the challenges and actions taken by those on the COVID-19 front line.
Lost in the discourse and politics of containing the pandemic through strict implementation [1] of COVID-19 guidelines, producing vaccines, creating public awareness, and an endless push and pull on the drugs to treat COVID-19, we seemingly have neglected something- the everyday people. Health systems are made for people, yet this pandemic is worsening social inequality. People living through the pandemic are more likely to fall sick and without health cover they face severe financial hardship. In a low-resource setting – amidst limited income, no health protection, and caring for the family -availing health services is a conscious decision, and often a low priority.
Any discussion on universal health coverage is incomplete if private health payments are not accounted for, yet this is largely missed during the biggest pandemic of modern history. Many additional families are now more likely to face catastrophic health expenditures (CHE)[2] due to COVID-19-related expenses. Seven months into the pandemic, we are yet to estimate the additional productivity costs of COVID-19 incurred by different population groups. Therefore, we remind the global health community to prioritise health financial-risk protection of families, failing to do so could potentially derail the economic-wellbeing and impact their future. In this blog we highlight the case of India which has recorded the second-highest reported cases of COVID-19 globally by November 2020.
The case of India
India is one of the countries that spends the least on healthcare. The enormous disparity in the wealth distribution between an urban and rural wage-earner adversely reflects their healthcare-seeking behaviours. The poor cannot afford to fall sick as it will only make them poorer- even in public facilities. 60% of the healthcare expenses in India are met by out of pocket expenditure (OOPE) by Indian families. OOPE in India is ranked as one of the global highest with the major contributors being private healthcare service providers and cost of medicines. Before the pandemic, 55 million Indians were pushed annually below the poverty line due to such OOPE. In April 2020, India’s employment rate plummeted to 27% (vs 39% in April 2019) with a loss of 21 million salaried workers between April-August, invariably affecting the poorest.
The only way to access free or inexpensive health care in India is through the public health system, which can, unfortunately, cater to only about 30% of population needs at its current capacity. The COVID-19 burden was initially borne by the public hospitals; however, it negatively impacted the health service provision of non-COVID cases. Eventually, with incapacitated and overcrowded public hospitals, most of the large private hospitals also started providing COVID-19 treatment. The private hospitals and laboratories notoriously capitalized on the services provided and initially charged about USD60 for Sars-CoV-2 testing, USD1400 per day for ICU occupancy, and USD110 for ambulance services in some Indian states [3]. Although the government later capped the price, these services remains a luxury for many. While the Out-patient department continue to be under-utilised, In-patient department (IPD) fees for all illnesses have increased due to the mandatory use of personal protective equipment (PPE). Moreover, some private hospitals have been accused of charging disproportionately inflated prices for PPE leading to remarkably high medical bills. The failure of many private insurers to cover the cost of PPE for IPD hospitalizations, means that families must bear this cost.
Has the government found a solution?
Clearly not. The national health protection scheme of India, still in its infancy, is attempting to cover COVID-19 testing and treatment for families registered below poverty-line. However, the number of beneficiaries availing these services are not publicly disclosed. These numbers are likely to be very low given the poor utilization of scheme in the empanelled large private hospitals where the hospitalization costs could often be greater than the national health cover provided. This clearly indicates that most patients availing treatment for COVID-19, especially the ones with ICU or longer hospital stays, would pay hefty OOPE, many of whom would . Consequently, the vulnerable may avoid utilising healthcare services, unless critical, due to the fear of CHE and abject deprivation.
In effect, the financial cover, especially for those visiting private hospitals for COVID-19 treatment, has not been thought well by the government. Like India, many Low- and Middle-Income Countries (LMICs) are facing a similar challenge and this is a significant issue to have been overlooked by the mainstream global health discourse.
Way forward
The financial burden related to COVID-19 treatment can bar many families to seek care and can be an important reason for poor containment of the pandemic. This can lead to an excess wage loss, morbidity and mortality resulting in a vicious cycle of economic loss and a rising inequality. We hence argue that the governments should cover the COVID-19 treatment costs and offer financial protection to families at risk of CHE. Essentially, the governments should regulate and provide cover for OOPs incurred on direct and indirect costs of COVID-19 care such as transport, wage loss, OPD expenses, indoor expenses, tests, and medicines etc., while continuing the search for the highly contested vaccine and cure. The global health community must develop coherent strategies through necessary collaborations to mobilize resources and develop policies before many more of the everyday people are pushed towards or into poverty. The poor are already facing the brunt of the pandemic due to overcrowded public hospitals resulting in delayed availability and sub-optimal level of care that cost lives. More research is thus required to understand the social determinants of COVID-19 transmission, including financial barrier to COVID-19 care, especially in the in low-resourced settings.
Author biographies:
- Dr Rakesh Parashar is currently working as health systems and policy expert with Oxford Policy Management. He is a PhD in health systems studies and has a background in public health and medicine.
- Ankita Mukherjee is presently working as a Research Assistant at Oxford Policy Management. She has an MScPH from London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine and has interests in maternal and newborn health.
[1] Includes enforcement measures to prevent transmission such as lockdown, curfews, fines for disobeying physical distancing or wearing masks, etc by the government.
[2] ‘Spending ≥40% of non-subsistence as out of pocket expenditure or ≥10% of household income; how-ever the cut-offs are variable per country
[3] Ambulance charged an average of up to USD 15 before COVID; respiratory illness such as TB tests cost about USD23; and ICU per day occupancy in private hospital were charged ~USD 410 and USD20 in public hospitals
